Convert LopP to P, perform an Octanol/Water split, or calculate the coefficient from measured concentrations.
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Understanding LogP and the Partition Coefficient
The partition coefficient describes how a compound distributes between an organic phase and an aqueous phase after equilibrium is reached. This calculator first finds the partition coefficient P, then converts it to logP. Larger values indicate stronger preference for the organic phase, while smaller values indicate stronger preference for water.
P = \frac{C_{organic}}{C_{aqueous}}\log P = \log_{10}(P)| Quantity | What it means | How to read it |
|---|---|---|
| P | Ratio of concentration in the organic phase to concentration in the aqueous phase | P > 1: favors organic phase P = 1: equal distribution P < 1: favors aqueous phase |
| logP | Base-10 logarithm of P | Positive: more lipophilic Zero: evenly partitioned Negative: more hydrophilic |
Quick reference values
P = 10^{\log P}| logP | P | Interpretation |
|---|---|---|
| -1 | 0.1 | About 10x more concentrated in the aqueous phase |
| 0 | 1 | Equal concentration in both phases |
| 0.5 | 3.16 | Moderate preference for the organic phase |
| 1 | 10 | About 10x more concentrated in the organic phase |
| 2 | 100 | Strong organic-phase preference |
| 3 | 1000 | Very strong organic-phase preference |
How to use this calculator correctly
- Measure the compound concentration in the organic phase after equilibrium.
- Measure the compound concentration in the aqueous phase after equilibrium.
- Enter both values using the same unit system (mg/L with mg/L, g/L with g/L, or mol/L with mol/L).
- The calculator returns both P and logP.
Important: The ratio is only meaningful when both concentrations are expressed on the same basis. If the units do not match, the result is not valid.
Why logP is useful
| Application | Why it matters |
|---|---|
| Drug discovery | Helps assess lipophilicity, membrane permeability, and formulation tradeoffs |
| Liquid-liquid extraction | Shows which phase is likely to retain more of the solute |
| Environmental chemistry | Helps estimate whether a substance prefers water or more hydrophobic environments |
| Analytical chemistry | Useful for designing separations and solvent systems |
Common mistakes to avoid
| Mistake | Why it causes problems |
|---|---|
| Using different units in each phase | The ratio no longer represents a true partition coefficient |
| Using concentrations before equilibrium | P is defined from equilibrium concentrations |
| Entering zero or negative values | logP requires a positive ratio |
| Comparing values from different solvent systems | Partition behavior depends on the specific organic/aqueous pair used |
| Confusing logP with logD | For ionizable compounds, pH can change observed distribution |
LogP vs. logD
| Term | Best used for | Key point |
|---|---|---|
| logP | Neutral-compound partitioning | Represents intrinsic preference between organic and aqueous phases |
| logD | Ionizable compounds at a specific pH | Changes with pH because ionized and neutral forms distribute differently |
If the compound can ionize in water, logD at a stated pH is often more informative than logP alone.
Example calculation
If the concentration in the organic phase is 65 mg/L and the concentration in the aqueous phase is 30 mg/L:
P = \frac{65}{30} = 2.1667\log P = \log_{10}(2.1667) \approx 0.336This result indicates the compound is somewhat more concentrated in the organic phase than in the aqueous phase.
Practical interpretation guide
| General range | Typical behavior |
|---|---|
| logP < 0 | Strong preference for water; usually quite hydrophilic |
| 0 to 1 | Low to mild lipophilicity |
| 1 to 3 | Moderate lipophilicity |
| 3 to 5 | High lipophilicity; often much more soluble in nonpolar environments |
| > 5 | Very hydrophobic behavior; interpretation should be made carefully in context |
For best results, use measured equilibrium concentrations, keep the unit basis consistent, and interpret the number alongside solvent choice, pH, and the chemical properties of the compound being tested.
